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begriffe:gen

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Gen


gri. γένος (genos) (Geschlecht/ Gattung) engl. gene
franz. gène Gegenbegriffe Mem
WortfeldErbfaktor, Genetik, Gentechnik, Genetik

Disziplinäre Begriffe

  • Biologie: Element der Chromosomen. Sequenz der DNA, die mit einer bestimmten Basenabfolge ein bestimmtes Protein codiert.

Material

A. Primärmaterial

B. Sekundärmaterial

Begriffsgeschichtliche Arbeiten

  • (Art.) Gen, in: Georg Toepfer: Historisches Wörterbuch der Biologie. Geschichte und Theorie der biologischen Grundbegriffe, Stuttgart und Weimar, 2009 ff.
  • Verschuer, O von: (Art.) Gen, in: Historisches Wörterbuch der Philosophie. Hg.v. J. Ritter. Bd. 3, Basel/Stuttgart, 1974, Sp. 268.

Sonstige Literatur

  • Achermann, Eric: Genetik und Genesik. An- und Bemerkungen zu Sigrid Weigels (Hg.) 'Genealogie und Genetik'. In: Scientia Poetica 6, 2002, S. 172–203.
  • Beurton, Peter; Raphael Falk u. Hans-Jörg Rheinberger: The concept of the gene in development and evolution - Historical and epistemological perspectives. Cambridge, 2000.
  • Brandt, Christina: Genetic Code, Text and Scripture: Metaphors and Narration in German Molecular Biology. In: Science in Context, 18/4, 2005, S. 629-648.
  • Brandt, Christina: Metapher und Experiment. Von der Virusforschung zum genetischen Code. Göttingen, 2004.
  • Carlson, Elof A.: The Gene. A Critical History. Philadelphia, 1966.
  • Carlson, Elof A.: Defining the Gene. An Evolving Concept. In: American Journal for Human Genetics 49, 1991, S. 475–487.Volltext
  • Churchill, Frederic: From heredity theory to ‘Vererbung’. The transmission problem, 1850-1915. In: Isis 78, 1987, S. 337–364.
  • Dunn, Leslie Clarence: A Short History of Genetics. The Development of some of the Main Lines of Thought: 1864–1939. New York, 1965.
  • Falk, Raphael: What is a gene? In: Studies In History and Philosophy of Science Part A 17/2, 1986, S. 133-173.
  • Griffiths, Paul, u. Karola Stotz: Genes in the postgenomic era. In: Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics 27, 2006, S. 499–521.
  • Johannsen, Wilhelm: The genotype conception of heredity. In: The American Naturalist 45, 1911, S. 129–159.
  • Jacob, François: La logique du vivant. Une histoire de l'hérédité. Paris, 1970. (Bibliothèque des sciences humaines) (dt. Die Logik des Lebenden. Von der Urzeugung zum genetischen Code. Frankfurt a.M., 1972.)
  • Jacob, François: La souris, le mouche et l'homme. Paris, 1997. (dt.: Die Maus, die Fliege und der Mensch. Über die moderne Genforschung. Mit einem Nachw. v. Hans-Jörg Rheinberger. Berlin, 1998.)
  • Kay, Lily E.: Cybernetics, information, life. The emergence of scriptual representations of heredity. Configurations. A journal of literature, science, and technology 1, 1997, S. 23-91.
  • Kay, Lily E.: Who wrote the book of life? A history of the genetic code. Stanford, 2000. (Writing science)
  • Kitcher, Philip: Genes. In: The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 1982, S. 337-359.
  • Leeming, William: Ideas about heredity, genetics, and ‘medical genetics’ in Britain, 1900–1982. In: Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 36/3, 2005, S. 538-558. Abstract
  • Löther, Rolf: Wegbereiter der Genetik: Gregor Johann Mendel und August Weismann. Frankfurt a. M., 1990.
  • López Beltrán, Carlos: In the cradle of heredity: French physicians and l'hérédité naturelle in the early nineteenth century. In: Journal of the History of Biology 37, 2004, S. 39–72. Abstract,Volltext
  • Maynard Smith, John: The concept of information in biology. In: Philosophy of Science 67, 2000, S. 177–194.
  • Morange, Michel: La part des gènes. Paris, 1998.
  • Morange, Michel: The developmental gene concept: History and limits. In: The Concept of the Gene in Development and Evolution. Historical and Epistemological Perspectives. Hg. von Peter Beurton, Raphael Falk, u. Hans-Jörg Rheinberger. Cambridge, 2000, S. 193–215.
  • Moss, Lenny: The meanings of the gene and the future of the phenotype. In: Genetics, Society and Policy 4, 2008, S. 38–57. Volltext
  • Muller, Herman J: The development of the gene theory. In: Genetics in the 20th Century. Essays on the Progress of Genetics During its First 50 Years. Hg. von Leslie C. Dunn. New York, 1951. 77–99.
  • Müller-Wille, Staffan u. Rheinberger, Hand-Jörg: Das Gen im Zeitalter der Postgenomik. Eine wissenschaftshistorische Bestandsaufnahme. Edition unseld, Frankfurt a.M., 2009.
  • Müller-Wille, Staffan: Hybrids, pure cultures, and pure lines: From nineteenth-century biology to twentieth-century genetics. Studies in History and Philosophy of the Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 38 (2007) S. 796–806.
Abstract: Prompted by recent recognitions of the omnipresence of horizontal gene transfer among microbial species and the associated emphasis on exchange, rather than isolation, as the driving force of evolution, this essay will reflect on hybridization as one of the central concerns of nineteenth-century biology. I will argue that an emphasis on horizontal exchange was already endorsed by 'biology' when it came into being around 1800 and was brought to full fruition with the emergence of genetics in 1900. The true revolution in nineteenth-century life sciences, I maintain, consisted in a fundamental shift in ontology, which eroded the boundaries between individual and species, and allowed biologists to move up and down the scale of organic complexity. Life became a property extending both 'downwards', to the parts that organisms were composed of, as well as 'upwards', to the collective entities constituted by the relations of exchange and interaction that organisms engage in to reproduce. This mode of thinking was crystallized by Gregor Mendel and consolidated in the late nineteenth-century conjunction of biochemistry, microbiology and breeding in agro-industrial settings. This conjunction and its implications are especially exemplified by Wilhelm Johannsen's and Martinus Beijerinck's work on pure lines and cultures. An understanding of the subsequent constraints imposed by the evolutionary synthesis of the twentieth century on models of genetic systems may require us to rethink the history of biology and displace Darwin's theory of natural selection from that history's centre.
  • Müller-Wille, Staffan u. Vitezslav Orel: From Linnaean species to Mendelian factors: Elements of hybridism, 1751-1870. Annals of Science 64 )2007) S. 171–215.
Abstract: In 1979, Robert C. Olby published an article titled 'Mendel no Mendelian?', in which he questioned commonly held views that Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) laid the foundations for modern genetics. According to Olby, and other historians of science who have since followed him, Mendel worked within the tradition of so-called hybridists, who were interested in the evolutionary role of hybrids rather than in laws of inheritance. We propose instead to view the hybridist tradition as an experimental programme characterized by a dynamic development that inadvertently led to a focus on the inheritance of individual traits. Through a careful analysis of publications on hybridization by Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778), Joseph Gottlieb Koelreuter (1733-1806), Carl Friedrich Gärtner (1772-1850), and finally Mendel himself, we will show that this development consisted in repeated reclassifications of hybrids to accommodate anomalies, which in the end allowed Mendel to draw analogies between whole organisms, individual traits, and 'elements' contained in reproductive cells. Mendel's achievement was a product of normal science, and yet a revolutionary step forward. This also explains why, in 1900, when the report he gave on his experiments was 'rediscovered', Mendel could be read as a 'Mendelian'.
  • Neumann-Held, Eva M. u.Christoph Rehmann-Sutter (Hg.): Genes in Development: Re-Reading the Molecular Paradigm. Durham, 2006.
  • Portin, Petter: The concept of the gene: Short history and present status. The Quarterly Review of Biology 68 (1993) S. 173–223.
Abstract: The concept of the gene is and has always been a continuously evolving one. In order to provide a structure for understanding the concept, its history is divided into classical, neoclassical, and modern periods. The classical view prevailed into the 1930s, and conceived the gene as an indivisible unit of genetic transmission, recombination, mutation, and function. The discovery of intragenic recombination in the early 1940s and the establishment of DNA as the physical basis of inheritance led to the neoclassical concept of the gene, which prevailed until the 1970s. In this view the gene (or cistron, as it was called then) was subdivided into its constituent parts, mutons and recons, identified as nucleotides. Each cistron was believed to be responsible for the synthesis of a single mRNA and hence for one polypeptide. This colinearity hypothesis prevailed from 1955 to the 1970s. Starting from the early 1970s, DNA technologies have led to the modern period of gene conceptualization, wherein none of the classical or neoclassical criteria are sufficient to define a gene. Modern discoveries include those of repeated genes, split genes and alternative splicing, assembled genes, overlapping genes, transposable genes, complex promoters, multiple polyadenylation sites, polyprotein genes, editing of the primary transcript, and nested genes. We are currently left with a rather abstract, open, and generalized concept of the gene, even though our comprehension of the structure and organization of the genetic material has greatly increased.
  • Rheinberger, Hans-Jörg und Staffan Müller-Wille: (Art.) Gene, in: Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy, 2004.
  • Rheinberger, Hans-Jörg: Gene concepts. Fragments from the perspective of molecular biology. In: The Concept of the Gene in Development and Evolution. Historical and Epistemological Perspectives. Hg. von Peter Beurton, Raphael Falk, u. Hans-Jörg Rheinberger. Cambridge, 2000. S. 219-239.
  • Rheinberger, Hans-Jörg: Die Evolution des Genbegriffs. Fragmente aus der Perspektive der Molekularbiologie. In: Die Entstehung der synthetischen Theorie. Beiträge zur Geschichte der Evolutionsbiologie in Deutschland 1930-1950. Hg. von Thomas Junker u. Eve-Marie Engels. Berlin, 1999. S. 323-341. (Verhandlungen zur Geschichte und Theorie der Biologie 2)
  • Rushton, Alan R.: Genetics and Medicine in the United States 1800 to 1922. Baltimore, 1994.
  • Schwarke, Christian: Die Kultur der Gene. Eine theologische Hermeneutik der Gentechnik. Stuttgart, 2000.
  • Schwartz, Sara: The differential concept of the gene: Past and present. In: The Concept of the Gene in Development and Evolution. Historical and Epistemological Perspectives. Hg. von Peter Beurton, Raphael Falk, u. Hans-Jörg Rheinberger. Cambridge, 2000. S. 26–39.
  • Stotz, Karola, Paul E. Griffiths u. Rob Knight: How biologists conceptualize genes: an empirical study. Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 35 (2004) S. 647–673. Volltext
  • Weigel, Sigrid; (Hg.): Genealogie und Genetik. Berlin, 2000. (Einstein Bücher)
  • Working Group: Gene Concepts in Development and Evolution. Berlin, 1999. (=Preprint 123)

Redaktionsseite

begriffe/gen.1372883980.txt.gz · Zuletzt geändert: 2015/12/15 14:30 (Externe Bearbeitung)